Sauda trading system

Svartfrön honung 8211 kumminolja 8220 Den svarta kumminen är ett botemedel mot alla sjukdomar utom death8221 (Bukhari, Muslim). I öst har de helande egenskaperna hos svart kumminfröolja använts i över 3000 år. Vanliga namn på svart frö: Svart kummin. Nigella, svart koriander. På olika språk är det känt som 8220black seed8221, 8220black cumin8221 (engelska), nielle (franska, tyska.) Melansion (grekiska), shoniz, Siah dana (på persiska), ketchaz, ketyach (hebru) kalaundzhi (hindi, urdu) Krishi dzhirak (sans), kalidzhra (beng.) Kalaondzhi Giro (gudzhratn) niladzhirakira (tel.), Kalidzhira (Mar.), Karahunj rigam (Tamil), Karuna Chirag (mal.) 8220Black karavey seed8221, 8220habbatul 8211 baracka8221 ) och 8220habbul 8211 sauda8221 shoniz (arabiska) och den botaniska. namnet är 8220Nigella Sativa. Det är g rown i många länder, inklusive Saudiarabien och Indien. Den kemiska sammansättningen av svart kummin: Svartfröolja innehåller mer än 100 komponenter, av vilka några fortfarande är oförskattade. Fröet innehåller följande fettsyror: Myristic (0.5), Palmitic (13.7), Palmitoleic (0.1), Stearic (2.6), Oleic (23.7), Linol Omega 8211 6 (57,9), Linol Omega 8211 3 (0.2), Arachid (1.3) 8211 och följande näringsämnen: protein, kalcium, järn, koppar, zink, fosfor, tiamin, riboflavin, pyridoxin, niacin, folacin. Profetens hithet: Sedan 1959 genomfördes mer än 200 studier på internationella universitet, och fantastiska resultat publicerades i artiklar och rapporter från olika medier. Detta bekräftade vikten av svart kummin, som nämndes för mer än 1400 år sedan. Här är några av profeten hadeiths om de goda och underbara egenskaperna hos svart kummin: 1. 8220 Den svarta kummen är ett botemedel mot alla sjukdomar utom död.8221 (Ahmad). 2. 8220 Svart kummin är botemedel mot alla sjukdomar, förutom 8220Sami8221 (död) .8221 (Bukhari, Muslim, Ibn Majah och Ahmad). 3. Khalid bin Saad: 8220När jag anlände till Medina med Ghalib bin al-Jabari. På vägen blev Ghalib sjuk. Från Aishas ord sade profeten Muhammad: 8220 Den svarta kummin läker alla sjukdomar8221 Vi slog svart frö i ett pulver blandat med olivolja och droppade blandningen i båda näsborrarna i Ghalib. Och han blev bättre8221. (Bukhari, muslim). 4. 8220Ett svart kummin eftersom det innehåller botemedel mot alla sjukdomar förutom 8220Sami8221. Då frågade någon: 8220 Vad är8221 Sami8221 Profeten sa: 8220death8221. (Ahmad, Ibn Majah, Tirmidhi). Att utforska dessa hadiths kom forskare till en överraskande slutsats: det visar sig att svart kummin påverkar tymkörteln, stimulerar den. Det är känt att thymus är ansvarig för kroppens försvar. Med användandet av svart frö ökade antalet T 8211-lymfocyter, T 8211-mördare och andra celler som var ansvariga för läkning från sjukdom och förstärkning av kroppen8217-försvaret flera gånger i blod. Sådana experiment har gjorts ofta, alla bekräftade att svart frö ökar body8217s försvar och egenskaperna hos svart kummin är botemedel mot många sjukdomar. I USA har farmakologiska företag även skapat ett speciellt laboratorium där forskare skapar nya droger baserat på svart kummin. När det gäller botemedel mot alla sjukdomar har vetenskapen visat att genom reglering och effekten på thymus och stärka kroppens försvar kan du bota någon sjukdom. Vetenskapliga studier har visat att svart frö stärker immunsystemet och är därför en 8220panacea8221 eftersom immunitetens motstånd är ett nödvändigt villkor för att bli av med någon sjukdom, oavsett natur det kan vara. Svart frö är en planta av profeten Muhammad, eftersom den tar en speciell, unik plats i profeten Muhammeds medicin, som nämns som en 8220-behandling för alla sjukdomar 8220. Det är viktigt att notera att ingen gav så stor betydelse för profeten det svarta fröet, och att profeten gjorde det populära och nämnde det i många hadiths och betonade de underbara egenskaperna hos svart kummin, vilket gav mycket detaljerade recept och metoder för dess användning för specifika sjukdomar. 1989 publicerade Pakistan Medical Journal en artikel om de fenomenala egenskaperna hos svartfröolja. Och 1992 gjorde den medicinska avdelningen vid University of Dahe (Bangladesh) en undersökning av antibakteriella egenskaper hos svartfröolja i jämförelse med starka antibiotika: ampicillin, tetracyklin, gentamicin och nalididixinsyra. Obestridliga fakta är glada 8211 svartfröolja har visat sig vara ett effektivare verktyg. Några områden av medicin som använder svart kummin och svart kumminolja: 1. Användningen av malda svarta kumminfrön blandad med honung hjälper till att lösa gallstenar och njurestenar. 2. Svarta frö ökar effektiviteten och vitaliteten. 3. Användningen av svartfröolja hjälper till att förstöra mage och tarmar (helminths). 4. Komprimera kokad svart kummin, överlagrad på huvudet är bra när du har c åldrar och reumatism. 5. När du har sputum ska du använda svart kummin, blandad med citronsaft (du kan lägga till lite honung eller socker efter smak). 6. Rök av svart kummin avlägsnar myggor och andra insekter. 7. Det rekommenderas också att sätta det svarta fröet på de uppträdande molarna, det hjälper till att förhindra deras utveckling och hjälper till att rengöra huden. 8. Även med spetälska rekommenderas att man lägger en pasta av svart kummin blandad med vinäger. 9. I dåligt tillstånd av huden bör du regelbundet ta den svarta kumminoljan. 10. Användningen av svartfröolja stimulerar genereringen av en marv och vitala immunsystemet celler, ett faktum är officiellt bekräftat av en forskning av forskare Cancer-immunobiologiska laboratoriet i södra Kalifornien. 11. Dessutom föreslår de att svart frö är en idealisk kandidat för användning vid behandling och förebyggande av cancer. 12. Användningen av svart kummin minskar nivån av socker i blodet och bekräftar sålunda igen det faktum att denna välsignade ört är ett utmärkt botemedel mot många sjukdomar, inklusive diabetes. 13. När du har cancer är det rekommenderat varje morgon på en tom mage före gryningen att dricka juice av en medellök, fortsätt den i en månad. Hävdar att denna metod kan bota cancer 14. En halscancer kan också botas med dagliga och ständigt drickande av svartfröolja med honung. 15. Det används för diarré som fixeringsmedel, liksom när det finns svårigheter i samband med urinering. 16. Kumminolja 8211 En bra motgift mot ormbett. 17. Det har en positiv effekt på lymfkörtlarna, vilket hjälper till att minska dem. 18.Det är estores hår och används också mot grisning. 19. Om du suger kumminfrön i en timme i bröstmjölken och sedan ger en sniff till Hepatit-patienten, kan du få en bra terapeutisk effekt på grund av att detta öppnar kanaler i levern och gallblåsan. 20. För att förbättra synen bör du sniffa pulveriserad spiskummin, blandad med smör av karamell. 21. Vinägerförband används vid behandling av hudsjukdomar, purulenta skabb, spetälska. 22. Det kan bota långvariga, fasta tumörer. 23. Smörja anus med kumminolja, du kan bli av med maskarna. 24. Blötläggs över natten i ättika och sedan fräsad kummin, du bör snyta när du har kronisk huvudvärk och ansiktslamning. 25. Det är en av de mest tillförlitliga agenterna vid behandling av blockering av blodkärl. 26. Blandad med honung, används den vid behandling av njurstenar och blåsstenar. 27. Näsdroppar för förkylning bereds enligt följande: rostad, hackad svart kummin blandas med lite smör och du dricker 3-4 droppar i varje näsborre. 28. Som en varm komprimerad kummin används i bandage att lägga på pannan. 29. Det har också lugnande egenskaper, har fördelaktiga effekter på nervsystemet. 30. Förbättrar cirkulationen och hudfärgen (i det här fallet bör det tas på morgonen). 31. Kumminolja har en stark inverkan vid behandling av kärlsjukdomar, i synnerhet skleroshjärnan. 32. Det bryter upp stenarna i njurarna och urinblåsan. 33. Bidrar till utsöndringen av bröstmjölk. 34. Hjälper till att eliminera maskar. 35. Genom slipning bidrar det till att ta bort vårtor. 36. Kurerar förkylning, hosta, andfåddhet, gulsot, impotens. Oljan har också många andra egenskaper. Allmänna rekommendationer för svartfröolja och svart kummin På grund av att användningen av svart frö inte bara är mycket användbar (för allmän stärkning av kroppen och för botemedel av många sjukdomar), men det är väldigt mycket viktigt Sunnah of Messenger av Allah, rekommenderas den dagliga konsumtionen av en tesked av denna olja eller svarta frö. Oljan kan blandas med apelsinjuice eller yoghurt (halal) för att förbättra smaken. Vi bör också inte glömma vikten av yttre användning av svart kummin (komprimering, gnidning, etc.). En tesked svartfröolja lägger i ett halvt glas vatten och lägger till en matsked honungs, och blanda den och ta 15 minuter före frukost och middag. För barn, använd halva dosen, rekommenderad ovan. Under användningen ökar en kronisk sjukdom. Detta är en normal reaktion av kroppen, eftersom svart kummin är immunstimulerande och förstärkning av immunsystemet börjar motverka sjukdomen, som inte behandlades till slutet8230. För generell förstärkning av kroppen rekommenderas att dricka efter att ha ätit en tesked svart fröolja (dagsdos som inte bör överskridas). Många frågar frågan, 8220 Vad är mer effektivt 8211 frö eller olja8221 Svaret på denna fråga är: 8220Both är effektivt, men oljan är mer koncentrerad 8220. Men fortfarande föredrar många att ta svart frö (på grund av den höga kostnaden för olja , etc.). När du köper svart kumminfröolja, se till att etiketten är märkt som 100, kallpressad, lösningsmedelsfri och att den har fabriksförpackningen. Recept för användning av svartfröolja och svart kummin: 1. Astma, hosta, lunginflammation: 1. På morgonen och kvällen 8211 1 tesked 2. Rubbing den drabbade delen 3. Massage bröstet och ryggen med svart fröolja 4. Inandning (1 matsked och 1 liter vatten) 5. Gnid bröstet med svartfröolja utspädd med olivolja (1: 5-förhållande). 6. Rekommenderas för inandning av röken från den svarta fröoljan samt en fjärdedel tesked kan du hålla under tungan. 2. Diarré: Blanda en matsked svart fröolja med en kopp yoghurt. Drick blandningen två gånger om dagen i tre dagar. 3. Huvudvärk: 1. Ta en matsked svartfröolja och gnid den drabbade delen och huvudets främre del (inte att äta godis, choklad etc.). Recept 1: Bland 1 matsked med svart svart kummin, en matsked med markade anisfrön och en matsked jordklöda. Ta en tesked innan måltiderna. Håll blandningen i munnen så länge det inte blir lätt att svälja och du kan svälja. Använd inte med vatten Recept 2: Ta en halv tesked svartfröolja 2-3 gånger om dagen. 4. Rheumatism (muskelsmärta): 1. Ät fem vitlöksklyftor på en tom mage. 2. En timme senare, drick ett glas brygga kanel genom att lägga fem droppar olja av svart kummin. 3. Värm en liten mängd svartfrö blandat med olivolja och gnid det drabbade området intensivt. 4. Precis före sänggåendet, drick kokt svart frö blandat med honung. 5. Hudsjukdomar: 1. Blanda ett litet parti svartfröolja med en lika stor andel rosenvatten och två stycken brunt mjöl. Gnugga sårläget med en trasa som blöts i ättika, sätt sedan snabbt blandningen på huden och försök att ligga i solen. 2. Innan 8211 ta en tesked svartfröolja 2-3 gånger om dagen. 3. Blanda en tesked svart fröolja med en matsked olivolja. Gnugga blandningen i ansiktet och lämna i en timme. Skölj sedan med varmt vatten och tvål. 6. Vertigo: 1. Lägg till en tesked svart fröolja i te och dryck. 2. Gnugga bara kinderna och under nacken. Ta en sked inne i en dag, gnugga tempel och nacke. Svart fröolja infiltreras i örat vid infektion. 7. Öron sjukdom. Yrsel. Du ska falla i örat en droppe svart fröolja 8211 det rensar örat och lindrar smärtan. 8. Vid födseln: En av de bästa lösningarna för lindring av smärta under arbetet: att dricka varmt svartfrö med honung. 9. Vid brinnande känsla: Lägg till några droppar svartfröolja och en tesked honung i en kopp varm mjölk. Drick varmt. Det rekommenderas att använda mycket sallad. 10. Högt blodtryck: 1. Lägg till en tesked malda svarta kumminfrön i en varm dryck och ta det med två vitlöksklyftor varje dag före frukost. 2. Blanda det svarta fröet med en varm dryck (te eller annat) och gnid kroppen med svart fröolja. 11. Bröstsmärta och kyla: I kokande vatten tillsätt en matsked svart kummin och andas in i ångan. Täck huvudet före sänggåendet. 12. Smärta i ögat: 1. Dropp på morgonen och på kvällen innan du lägger dig och därefter ta en skedssked av det med honung inuti. 2. Gnugga svart fröolja runt ögonen innan du lägger dig och dricker en varm dryck, blandad med några droppar olja av svart kummin. 13. Magsår: 1. O ne tesked blandas med en lösning av linfrö (linfrö matsked per kopp vatten), koka två minuter och håll sedan kvar en stund, använd i m rning och kväll. Drick ett glas dagligen (rekommenderas inte att konsumera godis och citrusfrukter). 2. Blanda tio droppar svartfröolja med en kopp honung, blandningen tas på en tom mage, en tesked. Drick sedan ett glas mjölk. Fortsätt utan avbrott i två månader. 14. Cancer: 1. Applicera svart fröolja i det drabbade området. 2. Blanda en tesked svart fröolja med ett glas färskpressad morotsjuice. Ta tre gånger om dagen i tre månader. 15. Sloth: Blanda tio droppar svartfröolja med ett glas apelsinjuice och ta en drink i tio dagar omedelbart efter att ha vaknat. 16. För att förbättra minnet: 1. Lägg till sju droppar svartfröolja i buljongen av honung och mynt. Drick varmt på tom mage en gång om dagen. 2. Koka upp mint och blanda det med honung och tillsätt sju droppar olja av svart kummin. Varmvattenberedning när som helst. Det är nödvändigt att sluta använda kaffe och te. 17. Diabetes: 1. Mala en kopp kummin, en kopp vattenkrisblomma, en halv kopp granatäppleskal. Allt detta är väl blandat och du kan ta en matsked på en tom mage. (Förvara på en sval plats.) 2. Blanda en kopp svart frö, en kopp vattenkryddfrön, en halv kopp granatäppleskal, slipa allt i ett pulver. Ta en tesked av detta pulver med en tesked svart fröolja i en månad före frukost. 18. Ögonsmärta: I tre dagar suger man en vitlöksklyfta i en uns olja av svart kummin. Ställ några droppar av blandningen direkt i örat och gnugga oljan runt örat. 19. Ögonsjukdom: 1. Gnugga tempel med en svart fröolja före sänggåendet. Ta samtidigt in sju droppar svartfröolja med en het dryck, helst med morotsjuice. 2. Applicera poultice: Koka en matsked svart kummin frön i åtta uns vatten, låt svalna i tio minuter, spänn genom en sikta. Blötlägg två bomullspinne i den resulterande vätskan och lägg kuddar på ögonen i tio minuter. 3. Gnugga whisky med svart fröolja före sänggåendet. 20. Sömnlöshet: En tesked svartfröolja blandas med honung eller te och en drink före middagen. 21. Illamående och kräkningar: Lägg till en tesked av svart svart kummin i en buljong av mentol och ta tre gånger om dagen. 22. Tandvärk: 1. Skölj munnen med en blandning av kummin och cidervinäger. 2. Blanda svart svart kummin och olivolja för att bilda en pasta och applicera den på den drabbade tand. 3. Koka åtta uns äppelcidervinäger med två matskedar av svart svart kummin. Dränera. Skölj din mun med den resulterande vätskan i några dagar. 4. Gnid det drabbade området (tänder och tandkött) med några droppar svartfrö. 23. Överdriven gasseparation: 1. Gör te: blanda lika delar av malda svarta kumminfrön, fänkål (jordfänkål) och pepparmynta tillsätt 3-7 droppar svartfröolja, sötad med honung. 2. Applicera poultice med äppelcidervinäger och svart kummin på magen. 24. Tonsillit: Steam 10 gram (två teskedar) svart kumminfrön och en halv liter vatten och filter. Gurgla två gånger om dagen. 25. Gallstenar och njurstenar: Användning av malda svarta kumminfrön blandad med honung hjälper till att lösa gallstenar och njurstenar. 26. Inflammation i näspassagen: 1. Ångbad (ta en matsked svart kummin, häll ett glas kokande vatten och andas in i ångan). 2. Smörj näsan utåt. 3. Ta en tesked svart frö och drick ett glas vatten utspätt med en matsked rent honung och ta 15 minuter före frukost och middag. 27. Behandling av fötter, naglar, inflammation i huden (eksem), förlust av hår: 1. Smörj platsen med svart kummin. 2. Ta en tesked svart frö och drick ett glas vatten utspätt med en matsked rent honung och ta femton minuter före frukost och middag. 28. Hårbehandling: Ingredienser: en matsked svartfrö, arugulajuice och äppelcidervinäger, 100 ml. av olivolja. Frön blandas med saugan av saugula och infunderas i 10 minuter. Tillsätt äppelcidervinäger och olivolja och blanda. Häll i en flaska. Beroende på hårets längd gnider du huvudet 1-3 matskedar. Lämna i 20 minuter och tvätta sedan ditt hår som vanligt. 29. Ungdomlig akne: Du borde äta 1-2 kapslar eller 20-25 droppar svartfrö tre gånger om dagen för att städa ansiktet. 30. Allergier, inflammation i huden, kronisk inflammation: Ta en tesked svart frö och gnid den drabbade delen med svart fröolja på morgonen och kvällen. 31. Sjukdomar i cirkulationssystemet: Blanda en tesked kummin med en matsked honung och en skiva krossad vitlök. Ta en tom mage i fem dagar. Du kan också regelbundet ta fem droppar olja med ett glas timjan eller mint. 32. Gallblåsa: Ta olja 8211 i likhet med leverns inflammation. 33. Bensmärta: Kokade lök blandas med kumminolja. ta två gånger om dagen. Samtidigt gnugga de smärtsamma ställena med kumminolja och olja av mynta. 34. Blåsande mjälte: I sallad av rädisor, sötad med honung, tillsätt sju droppar olja. Drick en kopp före sänggåendet på en tom mage i en vecka. 35. Inflammation av tandköttet och tänderna: Malt svart kummin kokas och placeras inne i äpplet. Använd som tuggummi. 36. Leveransinflammation: Tillsätt fem droppar cuminolja i ett glas svetsade löv. Använd för en vecka. 37. Miltens inflammation: Drick oljan med bryggan av dill i en vecka (fem droppar i ett glas). Du kan också använda pil som i fallet med levernsinflammation. 38. Hårförlust: Ta en tesked svart frö och gör huvudmassagen med en blandning av svartfröolja och olivolja i förhållandet 1: 1, tre gånger i veckan med en blandning och skölj inte under 10 minuter (varefter huvudet kan tvättas med schampo) på morgonen och kvällen. 39. Lethargy milt: Blanda en matsked av fikon sylt med en sked honung i ett glas varmt vatten och tillsätt sju droppar olja av karvägen. Drick på morgonen och kvällen i fem dagar. 40. Hemorrojder: Torka svartfröolja och olivolja i ett förhållande 1: 1, ta en matsked tre gånger om dagen i tio dagar. Massage det drabbade området med svart fröolja för att förhindra förstoppning. 41. Influensa: Infusionen av timjan blandas med olivolja i ett förhållande 1: 1 och droppar i näsan 3-4 gånger om dagen (från influensa och hosta). 42. För att rena hela urinröret: Koka noga en kopp korn i en liter vatten tills det finns en kopp. Efter kylning slipa tre vitlöksklyftor i en mixer och tillsätt vattnet. Drick på tom mage varje dag och drick citron eller annat juice. Undvik läsk. 43. Högt blodtryck: Du måste lägga till några droppar olja av svart kummin till alla varma drycker (te, mjölk, kaffe). 44. Gynekologi: Gnid oljan på ärr på buken och bröstet (under graviditet och omvårdnad är den inre upptagningen nekad). 45. Hosta och näsblödning: Tre teskedar varje dag under veckan, gnugga den drabbade delen, inandningar. 46. ​​Hudtillväxt: Ta en tesked svart fröolja och massera den drabbade delen tre gånger om dagen i mingningen och kvällen. 47. Leveranssjukdomar: Till en kopp honung lägger till en tidigare dos kummin och en tesked av ekbark. Ta den här delen på en tom mage varje dag i en månad. 48. Feber: Lägg till sju droppar olja av svart kummin i ett glas myntete eller en drink och ta efter en måltid (tre gånger dagligen) i en vecka. Du kan också gnugga kroppen med olja innan du lägger dig. 49. Immunsystemet: Ta en tesked svart fröolja i tre månader. 50. Seksuell svaghet: Gnugga bakjordkumminoljan (nedre delen av ryggen) och massage, gnugga ljumskområdet. Rör en tesked honung, en tesked svart fröolja och en tesked kamomill i ett halvt glas varmt vatten och ta när som helst. 51. Prostata: Gnid tillbaka med jordad kumminolja (nedre delen av ryggen) och massage och gnugga ljummen. Rör en tesked honung, en tesked svart fröolja och en tesked kamomill i ett halvt glas varmt vatten och ta när som helst. 52. Minska kolesterol: Tillsätt sju droppar pepparmyntaolja i mintbryggan och sötnos med honung. Drick medan det är varmt på en tom mage en gång om dagen, är det förbjudet maten med nötköttfett. 53. Ringorm, impetigo, eksem: Du måste gnugga den svarta fröoljan på sjukdomsplatserna tre gånger om dagen. 54. Minskningen av hjärtklaffarna: Blanda en tesked kummin med en matsked honung och drick ett glas varmt te. Önskad på tom mage och före sänggåendet. 55. Skador: Blanda en tesked kummin med en matsked honung och drick ett glas varmt te. Det är tillrådligt att ta det på tom mage och före sömnen och gnugga den drabbade delen tre gånger. 56. Om du har stängda öron: Sätt små bitar bomullsull blöt i olja av svart kummin i öronen och ta bort på en timme. Resultatet tar inte lång tid. 57. Vid förkylning: Sätt i bomullsull blöt i ren svart fröolja i 15-20 minuter. Omedelbart kommer du att känna lättnad. Med dålig förkylning kan denna procedur upprepas. Te från svart kummin 1. I folkmedicin används te från svart frö som ett botemedel mot flatulens, diarré och gallkolik, som en diuretikum, kolagogue, anthelmintisk, mild laxermedel och magformig. Det ges för mödrar med otillräcklig utsöndring av mjölk. 2. Te från svart kummin: Ta en tesked krossad frön, häll 50 ml kokande vatten, lämna i tio minuter och spänning. Ta två gånger om dagen för en kopp. 3. Te för förkylning och bronkit: i en stor skålblanda en matsked av markfrön, en tesked lakritsrot och kamomillblommor, en halv tesked anisfrön fyller med varmt vatten. Infusera i tio minuter, dränera. Söt till smak (du kan använda honung). Kontraindikationer och biverkningar Och med allt detta har konsumtionen av svart kummin inga biverkningar. Användningen av svart frö hjälper i allmänhet till den naturliga läkningsprocessen som sker i kroppen för att framgångsrikt hantera infektioner, övervinna sjukdomar och bibehålla hälsan. I det här fallet bryter det inte heller det minsta sättet mot kroppens naturliga balans. Och vanlig användning av svart kummin förbättrar body8217s resistans. Använd aldrig drogen för gravida kvinnor och patienter med kroppens transplanterade organ (lever, njure, hjärta), eftersom det ökar kroppens immunitet vilket kan leda till abdikationen. Inte alla svarta frön är användbara, det finns giftiga sorter. För allmän tillstånd av kroppen rekommenderas att dricka efter att ha ätit en tesked svart fröolja (dagsdosen bör inte överskridas). Undvik överdosering, eftersom du kan irritera magen och tarmarna. Bin samlar nektar från blommande fält av vildt svart frö i en solig egypten. Och de får den här läckra svarta kargen honungen. 8220Det är bättre att ha mat som medicin än medicin som mat8221 Honung från blommorna i Cumin Indikationer för användning. Det här är en förebyggande behandling, inte en behandling. Det tas på morgonen innan du äter, en matsked per dag eller används som sår, brännskador, reumatism. Honung innehåller all den värdefulla substansen av svart kummin och överlägsen i styrka till oljan och fröerna. I Mellanöstern är honung av svart kummin allmänt känd och älskad. Idag har europeiska företag sina apiarier i Egypten, som producerar och exporterar honung från svartfrön över hela världen. Det läker virusinfektioner. respiratoriska sjukdomar, gastrointestinala sjukdomar, uppblåsthet, illamående, svag matsmältning, gastrit, förstoppning, magsår och duodenalsår, öppnar aptit, stimulerar avmaskning, behandlar andra sjukdomar (stabiliserar blodsockret, normaliserar blodtrycket, förbättrar funktionen av lever och njurar, sänker kolesterol, behandlar sexuella problem, stärker hjärtmuskeln, behandlar anemi). Hur man använder: För maximal effekt, när du använder honung av svart kummin, rekommenderas att sätta honungen i en vältorkad tesked och späd den i ett glas varmt vatten eller mjölk. Ta 40-60 minuter innan du äter. Ta på morgonen på tom mage och på natten innan du lägger dig. Förvaras i direkt solljus. Förvaras inte i metallbehållare. Relaterade inlägg: Honey bee pollen Hur man samlar honung - biodling för dummies Honung rom Honung sårläkning Heather honung Sunflower honung actus honung Meadowfoam honung UmmAbdAllah - 5 mars 2013 klockan 7:00 ingen kommentar författare 24250 på svart frö honung 8211 cumin oil by Biodling Som Salam Walaykum såg jag din hemsida och tycker att it8217s är fantastisk, Masha Allah. Min man har lite förlamning i ansiktet och jag läser på din hemsida för att suga de svarta frön i ättika och sniffa. Jag vill veta om det här bara betyder att du luktar det eller försöker få det upp i näsan. På vilket sätt kan min man använda sig för att bygga upp nerverna, eftersom han har svårt att använda sin högra hand efter sin stroke. Om du kunde snälla svara på mig, då skulle jag verkligen uppskatta det. Jazaka Allahu Khairan, UmmAbdAllah reklamblad - 18 juni 2013 klockan 19:19 ingen kommentar författare 39260 på svartfrön honung 8211 kumminolja från biodling Vi är en massa frivilliga och öppnar ett helt nytt system i vårt samhälle. Din webbplats erbjöd oss ​​användbar information att arbeta på. Du har gjort en formidabel uppgift och hela vårt grannskap kommer sannolikt att vara tacksam för dig. xenia - 22 juni 2013 klockan 11:59 ingen kommentar författare 39722 på svart frö honung 8211 kumminolja av biodling Jag har ett sår. Det började efter att ha tagit 1 tesked av den svarta fröoljan och svalde den och sedan dricka destillerat vatten efteråt. Jag blandade inte den med honung som jag har en hudsvamp och tror att det skulle förvärra svampen då den blomstrar på socker. Kan du snälla ge mig råd om vad jag ska göra eftersom min mage har den här smärtan som känns som att knivar skär mitt i magen även under natten. Finns det ett annat sätt att ta det utan att försvaga magen, snälla Ismail Khan - 3 juli 2013 klockan 3:24 ingen kommentar författare 40997 på svart frö honung 8211 kumminolja av biodling i viktminskning har fortfarande magefett - 12 augusti 2014 kl 13:29 ingen kommentar författare 500865 på svart frö honung 8211 kummin olja från biodling Hej jag vet Det här är lite av ämnet, men jag tänkte på att I8217d frågade. Vill du vara intresserad av handelslänkar eller kanske gästförfattande ett blogginlägg eller vice versa Min webbplats går över många av samma ämnen som din, och jag tror att vi skulle kunna dra nytta av varandra. Om du är intresserad kan du skicka mig ett mail. Jag ser fram emot att höra från dig Underbar blogg förresten mike-robbins - 16 augusti 2014 kl 2:03 ingen Kommentar författare 507736 på Svart frö honung 8211 kumminolja genom biodling Jag tar emot glädje via, sätta på jag snubblat på exakt vad Jag sökte. You8217ve har brutit lite tid, se vår gud Skålman. Ha en bra tid. Bye Lawal Abiodun - 24 augusti 2014 kl. 8:41 ingen kommentar författare 519946 på svart frö honung 8211 kumminolja av biodling Salem alaikun jamah, pls hur är denna svarta fröolja tagen mot stroke som det inte nämns i din skrivning up82308230thanks hemsida - 26 augusti 2014 kl 12:08 Ingen kommentar författare 522463 på svart frö honung 8211 kummin olja genom biodling God dag Jag vet att det här är lite av ämnet men jag undrade om du visste var jag kunde få ett captcha-plugin för mitt kommentarformulär I8217m använder samma bloggplattform som din och I8217m har svårt att hitta ett tack så mycket Mr. Y - 20 september 2014 kl. 4:38 ingen Kommentar författare 555614 på svart frö honung 8211 cumin oil by Beekeeping Finns det någon info om svartfröolja och hart function amp Vad sägs om mitralventil Hoppas du kan hjälpa mig thnx nyfödd fotografering - 9 oktober 2014 kl 9:09 ingen kommentar författare 597696 på svart frö honung 8211 cumin oil by Beekeeping Den här bloggen var8230 hur säger du det Relevant. Slutligen hittade jag något som hjälpte mig. Tack så mycket Mohd Amin Abdullah - 16 november 2014 kl. 11:33 Ingen kommentar författare 638741 på Svart frö honung 8211 kumminolja från BeekeepingSlideshare använder cookies för att förbättra funktionalitet och prestanda och att ge dig relevant reklam. Om du fortsätter att surfa på webbplatsen godkänner du användningen av cookies på denna webbplats. Se vår användaravtal och sekretesspolicy. Slideshare använder cookies för att förbättra funktionalitet och prestanda, och att ge dig relevant reklam. Om du fortsätter att surfa på webbplatsen godkänner du användningen av cookies på denna webbplats. Se vår sekretesspolicy och användaravtal för detaljer. Utforska alla dina favoritämnen i SlideShare-appen Få SlideShare-appen att spara till senare, även offline Fortsätt till mobilsidan Ladda upp inloggningsabonnemang Dubbelklicka för att zooma ut En projektrapport på dematkonto hos unicon värdepapper pvt. ltd. Dela denna SlideShare LinkedIn Corporation kopiera 2017Orientation Identification. Indien utgör den största delen av den subkontinentala landmassan i Sydasien, ett område som det delar med sex andra länder, inklusive Nepal, Pakistan och Bangladesh. Den har mycket varierande landformer, som sträcker sig från torrmarker, tropiska öar och en utbredd öken till världens högsta bergskedja. Plats och Geografi. Indien, på södra subkontinentet i Asien, är begränsat i nordväst av Pakistan i norr av Kina och Tibet, Nepal och Bhutan i nordost av Bangladesh och Burma (Myanmar) och i sydväst och sydöst vid Indiska oceanen, med ö republikerna Sri Lanka och Maldiverna i söder. Exklusive små delar av landet som för närvarande är upptagna av kinesiska eller pakistanska militära styrkor, är republiken Indien 1 222 237 kvadratkilometer (3 165 596 kvadratkilometer). Demografi. I folkräkningen 1991 uppräknades 846.302.688 invånare, inklusive 407.072.230 kvinnor och 217 miljoner människor definierade som stadsbor. Men med en befolkningstillväxt som uppskattas till 17 per tusen år 1998, uppnådde den nationella siffran i maj 2000 en miljard. Livslängden i 1991 års folkräkning var sextio år och 1997 beräknades att nästan 5 procent av befolkningen var 65 år eller äldre. Befolkningen är fortfarande främst landsbygd, med 73 procent av befolkningen 1997 som bor utanför städerna. 1991 var de största stadscentrumen Bombay eller Mumbai (12,596,243), Calcutta eller Kolkata (11,021,915), Delhi (8,419,084), Madras eller Chennai (5,421,985), Hyderabad (4,253,759) och Bangalore (4,130,288). Språkliga anslutningar. Det finns fyra stora språkfamiljer, alla med många språk. Indo-Aryan, a branch of Indo-European, covers the northern half of the country, and the Dravidian family covers the southern third. In the middle regions a number of tribal languages of the Munda or Austroasiatic family are spoken. In the northeastern hills, numerous Tibeto-Burman languages are spoken. Symbolism. The national flag, which was adopted in 1947, is a tricolor of deep saffron, white, and green, in horizontal bands (with green at the bottom). In the center of the white band is a blue wheel, the chakra . which also appears on the lion column-capital of the Emperor Asoka at Sarnath. This carving, which is over 2,200 years old, is also a national emblem that is preserved in the Sarnath Museum. The sandstone carving features four lions back to back, separated by wheels ( chakra . the wheel of law), standing over a bell-shaped lotus. The whole carving once was surmounted by the wheel of law. The national anthem is a song composed by Rabindranath Tagore in 1911 entitled Jana-gana mana. The nearly useless Saka-era calendar also may be considered a national symbol, adopted in 1957 and still often used officially alongside the Gregorian calendar. History and Ethnic Relations Emergence of the Nation. India has a history going back thousands of years and a prehistory going back hundreds of thousands of years. There was a long phase of Paleolithic hunting and gathering cultures parallel in time and characteristics with the Paleolithic peoples of Europe and East Asia. This was followed, eight thousand to ten thousand years ago, by the development of settled agricultural communities in some areas. In 2700 B. C.E. . the first genuinely urban civilization in the Indus Valley and western India emerged. After its disappearance around 1500 B. C.E. . there was a bewildering variety of princely states and kingdoms, small and large, throughout the subcontinent, creating a long history of war and conquest that was punctuated by foreign invasions and the birth of some of the worlds largest religions: Buddhism, Jainism, Hinduism, and Sikhism. Despite the extent of the Empire of Asoka (272232 B. C.E. ) and the Mughal Empire (15261707), it was left to the last foreign invaders, the British, to establish a unified empire that covered most of the subcontinent during its final century. India was ruled by the British government after 1858 through a viceroy and a council, although several hundred princely states continued to maintain a measure of independence. The Indian National Congress, founded in 1885, slowly moved from a position of advisor and critic for the British administration toward demanding the transference of power to native Indian politicians. In 1930, the Indian National Congress, led by Jawaharlal Nehru and Mahatma Gandhi, adopted a policy of civil disobedience with a view to achieving full national independence. It was to be a long struggle, but independence was achieved in 1947, with the condition that predominantly Muslim areas in the north would form a separate country of Pakistan. Mohammed Ali Jinnah was to be Pakastanis first prime minister, while Nehru became the prime minister of the Republic of India. The departure of the colonial authorities, including the British armed forces, was peaceful, but the splitting off of Pakistan caused a massive population movement and bloodshed on both sides as a result of communal passions. A quarter century later, the eastern wing of Pakistan split from that country to become the independent country of Bangladesh. National Identity. National identity is not a major political issue regional identity and the mother tongue seem to be more important. There are still millions of illiterate people who seem hardly aware that they are Indians but can be vociferous in their support of chauvinistic regional politicians. Thus, India has been plagued with secessionist struggles since independence, the most prominent of which have been a Dravidistan movement in the south, an armed struggle among Kashmiri Muslims for a union of their state with Pakistan, a Khalistan movement among Panjabi Sikhs, and a guerilla movement seeking independence for all the Naga tribes in the northeast. Ethnic Relations. India is home to several thousand ethnic groups, tribes, castes, and religions. The castes and subcastes in each region relate to each other through a permanent hierarchical structure, with each caste having its own name, traditional occupation, rank, and distinctive subculture. Tribes usually do not have a caste hierarchy but often have their own internal hierarchical organization. The pastoral and foraging tribes are relatively egalitarian in their internal organization. India is no stranger to ethnic conflict, especially religious wars. Nevertheless, in most parts of the Indian shop workers in the main bazaar in Jaipur, Rajasthan. country there has long been a local intercaste and intertribal economy that commonly is based on barter or the exchange of goods and services since this system has satisfied economic necessities at least partially, ethnic conflict commonly has been dampened or kept under control because of the mutual benefits these economic arrangements provide. Urbanism, Architecture, and the Use of Space In the Indus civilization of 2700 to 1500 B. C.E. . India developed one of the earliest urban societies in the world, along with an extensive trading economy to support it. The walled citadels in some early cities developed into elaborate palisades, walls, and moats to protect the multitude of Iron Age and medieval cities throughout much of the country. The towns and cities are of eight historic types: (1) ancient pilgrimage centers, such as Madurai (2) local market towns, roughly one every 20 miles (3) medieval fortified towns, such as Gwalior (4) ancient and medieval seaports, such as Bharuch (Broach) (5) military cantonments first set up by the British, such as Pune (6) modern administrative centers such as New Delhi (7) new industrial centers, such as Jamshedpur and (8) great modern metropoles such as Bombay (Mumbai) and Calcutta (Kolkata). Architecture developed distinct regional styles that remain apparent. These styles reflect the relative influence of the medieval Tamil kingdoms, Persian and Turkic invaders in the north, Portuguese and British Christianity, and all the distinctive features of the religious monuments of Jainism, Buddhism, Islam, and medieval Hinduism. The landscape is dotted with over half a million villages, and each region has distinctive forms of domestic architecture and village layout. Holy places of the various religions are commonly within villages and towns, but the numerous pilgrimage sites are not necessarily located there. Food and Economy Food in Daily Life. About half the people eat rice as their staple, while the remainder subsist on wheat, barley, maize, and millet. There are thus major geographic differences in diet. Just as fundamental is the division between those who eat meat and those who are vegetarian. Muslims, Jews, Sikhs, and Christians all eat meat, with the important proviso that the first three groups do not consume pork. Lower-caste Hindus eat any meat except beef, whereas members of the higher castes and all Jains are normally vegetarian, with most even avoiding eggs. Food Customs at Ceremonial Occasions. Every caste, tribe, town, village, and religion has a panoply of traditional ceremonies that are observed with enthusiasm and wide participation. Most of these ceremonies have a religious basis, and the majority are linked with the deities of Hinduism. Basic Economy. With a large proportion of the population being located in rural areas (73 percent), farming is the largest source of employment for hundreds of millions of people, this means subsistence farming on tiny plots of land, whether owned or rented. In most parts of the country, some farmers produce cash crops for sale in urban markets, and in some areas, plantation crops such as tea, coffee, cardamom, and rubber are of great economic importance because they bring in foreign money. In 1996, the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita was 380, and the GDP growth rate was almost 6 percent from 1990 to 1996. In that period, the average annual inflation was 9 percent. In 1994, national debt was 27 percent of GDP. Over the past half century the economy has been expanding slowly but at a steady rate on the basis of a wide range of industries, including mining operations. Major cities such as Bombay are considered residential creations of British administrators. The United States has been the principal export market in recent years, receiving 17 percent of exports in 1995 and 1996. Clothing, tea, and computer software are three major categories of exports to the United States. Land Tenure and Property. In an economy based on agriculture, the ownership of land is the key to survival and power. In most parts of the country, the majority of the acreage is owned by a politically dominant caste that is likely to be a middle-ranking one, not a Brahmin one. However, the various regions still have different traditions of land tenure and associated systems of land taxation. India has only recently seen the last of the rural serfs who for centuries supplied much of the basic farm labor in some parts of the country. There are still numberless landless wage laborers, tenant farmers, and landlords who rent out their extensive lands, and rich peasants who work their own holdings. Commercial Activities. India has had many traders, transport agents, importers, and exporters since the days of the Indus civilization four thousand years ago. Market places have existed since that time, and coinage has been in circulation among urban people for 2500 years. In modern times, an expanding investment scene, combined with continuing inflation, has formed the background to an extensive import and export trade. The major industries continue to be tourism, clothing, tea, coffee, cotton, and the production of raw materials in the last few years, there has been a surge in the importance of the computer software industry. Russia, the United States, Germany, and Great Britain are among the major importers of Indian products. Major Industries. The modern infrastructure was created by the British administration in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The country still relies on a vast network of railroad track, some of it electrified. Railroads are a government monopoly. Roadways, many of them unsurfaced, total about 1.25 million miles. The first air service, for postal delivery, grew into Air India which, along with Indian Airlines, the internal system, was nationalized in 1953. In the 1980s a number of private airlines developed within the country, while international connections are provided by a multitude of foreign companies as well as Air India. International Trade. The major trading partners are Russia, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany. Political animosities have long ensured that trade with neighboring South Asian countries remains minimal, although there is now considerable transborder trade with Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Bhutan. Division of Labor. The division of work is based on gender. Age also separates out the very old and the very young as people unable to perform the heaviest tasks. Those jobs are done by millions of adult men and women who have nothing to offer but their muscles. Beyond these fundamental divisions, India is unique in having the caste system as the ancient and most basic principle of organization of the society. Each of many hundreds of castes traditionally had one occupation that was its specialty and usually its local monopoly. Only farming and the renouncers life were open to all. Social Stratification Classes and Castes. The caste system is more elaborate than that in any of the other Hindu or Buddhist countries. Society is so fragmented into castes that there can be twenty or thirty distinct castes within a village. This society has a hierarchy of endogamous, birth-ascribed groups, each of which traditionally is A family at the Taj Mahal, one of the most famous buildings in the world. characterized by one distinctive occupation and had its own level of social status. Because an individual cannot change his or her caste affiliation, every family belongs in its entirety and forever to only one named caste, and so each caste has developed a distinctive subculture that is handed down from generation to generation. Hindu religious theory justifies the division of society into castes, with the unavoidable differences in status and the differential access to power each one has. Hindus usually believe that a soul can have multiple reincarnations and that after the death of the body a soul will be reassigned to another newborn human body or even to an animal one. This reassignment could be to one of a higher caste if the person did good deeds in the previous life or to a lower-status body if the person did bad deeds. The highest category of castes are those people called Brahmins in the Hindu system they were traditionally priests and intellectuals. Below them in rank were castes called Ksatriya . including especially warriors and rulers. Third in rank were the Vaisyas . castes concerned with trading and land ownership. The fourth-ranking category were the Sudras . primarily farmers. Below these four categories and hardly recognized in the ancient and traditional model, were many castes treated as untouchable and traditionally called Pancama . Outside the system altogether were several hundred tribes, with highly varied cultural and subsistence patterns. The whole system was marked not just by extreme differences in status and power but by relative degrees of spiritual purity or pollution. A curious feature of the caste system is that despite its origins in the Hindu theory of fate and reincarnation, caste organization is found among Indian Muslims, Jews, and Christians in modern times. In the Buddhist lands of Korea, Japan, and Tibet, there are rudimentary caste systems, their existence signaled especially by the presence of untouchable social categories. The major cities in modern timesBombay (Mumbai), Madras (Chennai), Calcutta (Kolkata), New Delhi, and Bangalorewere essentially residential creations of the British administrators. Architecturally, professionally, and in other ways, they are therefore the most Westernized cities in India today. In these cities and their suburbs, there is now a developed class system overlying and in many respects displacing the more traditional caste system. As a consequence, there are many modern cases of intercaste marriage in all the cities, although this practice remains almost unthinkable to the great majority of Indians. Symbols of Stratification. There are many symbols of class differentiation because each caste tends to have its own persisting subculture. Peoples location in this stratification system thus can be gauged accurately according to the way they dress, their personal names, the way they speak a local dialect, the deities they worship, who they are willing to eat with publicly, the location of their housing, and especially their occupations. The combination of all these subcultural features can be a sure sign of where individuals and their families are situated in the caste hierarchy. Political Life Government. The national system of government is a liberal democratic federal republic, making India the largest democracy in the world. The country is divided for administrative purposes into twentyeight linguisticallybased states, plus a further seven small Union Territories administered directly by the central government in New Delhi, the national capital. Leadership and Political Officials. The central parliament in New Delhi consists of the House of the People ( Lok Sabha ) and the Council of States ( Rajya Sabha ). The states all have legislative assemblies ( Vidhan sabha ) and legislative councils ( Vidhan parishad ). Members of parliament and the state legislatures are selected in democratic elections. An exception to this procedure is that the Lok Sabha has two seats reserved for Anglo-Indian members, and of the 4,072 seats in all the state legislative assemblies, 557 have been reserved for candidates from the Scheduled Castes and a further 527 for candidates from the Scheduled Tribes. These provisions have ensured that the main minority populations have legislative representation and an interest in pursuing the electoral process. The Lok Sabha recently had sitting members from twenty one different parties. State legislatures also host a multiplicity of political parties. The head of state is the president, and there is also a vice-president, neither elected by general franchise but instead by an electoral college. The president is aided by a council of ministers, and appoints the prime minister of each government. This prime minister is the leader of the dominant party or of a coalition of prominent parties and has been elected as a member of parliament. The president has the power to dissolve a government and order new elections or to dismiss a problematic state government and declare presidents rule. Social Problems and Control. Indians have lived under the rule of law since ancient times. Hindu law was codified over two thousand years ago in the books called Dharmasastras. There is now one legal hierarchy throughout the land, with the Supreme Court at its head. Legal procedure is based on the Indian Penal Code (IPC) which was drafted in the mid-nineteenth century, and the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1973. The constitution promulgated in 1950 went further than any other South Asian country has gone in curtailing the influence of traditional legal systems that in practice applied only to the followers of a particular religion, whether Hindu, Buddhist, Muslim, Christian, Jewish, or Parsi. The huge legal profession helps push cases slowly through the complex apparatus of magistrates and higher-level courts, sometimes creating the impression that litigation is a national sport. While fines and imprisonment are the most common punishments, the Supreme Court has upheld the legality of the death penalty. Military Activity. Five wars with Pakistan and one with China since independence have provided training for several generations of soldiers. India thus has a strong program of national defense, with four national services: the army, navy, air force, and coast guard (since 1978). In 1996, these branches An Indian shopkeeper with his wares. Small shops still make up a big part of the Indian economy. had 1,145,000 personnel. In 1998, the nation exploded a nuclear bomb as a test. Social Welfare and Change Programs Traditionally the family was responsible for the care of the poor, incapacitated, elderly, and very young. For rural populations this is still largely true. In recent decades, underfunded state governments, often with international help, have tried to create more jobs for the poor as a direct way of helping them. Beyond this, welfare organizations have helped, but they are largely private and often religious foundations with relatively little financing. The population in need of social welfare support is too vast for the facilities that are available, and these people are disproportionately concentrated in the cities. Nongovernmental Organizations and Other Associations There are numerous nongovernmental organizations of social, political, religious, educational, or sporting natures. Every village, town, and caste and most temples have at least one associate formal organization and sometimes dozens. Beyond some attempts at registration, for example, of cooperative societies and charitable endowments, the government does not attempt to control organizations. Gender Roles and Statuses Division of Labor by Gender. Gender provides the basis for a fundamental division of the work force, with perhaps only the lowest day-labor jobs and the most modern professions being regularly staffed by people of both genders. The Relative Status of Women and Men. Patriarchal is the word most commonly used to describe the traditional Indian family and the gender relationships within it. This is true in all family systems except the defunct matrilineal system of the Nayar castes in Kerala. Within all branches of Hinduism, priests can only be male, though they may be boys. In Islam, the leaders of a prayer group are males. In Zoroastrianism and Roman Catholicism, only men can function as priests. It is said that a woman must first obey her father, then her husband, and then her son this seems to be the normal pattern as she goes through life. The opinion of the male head of household is especially important in the arrangement of marriages, because in most religious communities these are effectively marriages between two families. At such times, romantic preferences get little consideration. Since it is the male head who typically controls the familys finances, it is he who pays or receives a dowry at the time of a childs marriage. Although older women may be very influential behind the scenes, they wield little legal authority in property and marriage matters. Marriage, Family, and Kinship Marriage. Although the different regions and religions have considerable variety in marital arrangements, the arranged marriage is a traditional feature of virtually every community today, except among the urban middle classes, it still is widely practiced. Marriages that are not arranged by the couples parents, often termed love marriages, are looked down on as impulsive acts of passion. The more usual style of marriage unites a couple who have barely met beforehand. It is through the institution of arranged marriage and its correlate, caste endogamy, that parents exercise control not only over their adult children but also over the social structure and the caste system. Generally, the country has two main types of marriage: a north Indian one in which the man must not marry a closely related cousin and a south Indian one in which a cross-cousin, whether the mothers brothers daughter or the fathers sisters daughter, is the ideal spouse. Many south Indian castes also permit uncle-niece marriage. Maharashtra state has intermediate forms. Domestic Unit. The residential unit is normally the household, but this unit varies widely in its structure, from housing a large extended family of three or four generations to a household made up of a lone widow. In large buildings with many rooms, it is common to find a number of discrete households, especially in cities each of these households may be distinguished by its use of a common cooking hearth and perhaps by depending on a common source of funds. In crowded urban conditions, each room may constitute a separate household, as may each small grass hut in a roadside encampment. Inheritance. The written will is largely unknown except in modern urban areas. The tradition has always been that sons inherit property and status from their fathers and that daughters can hope to receive a dowry at the time of their marriage. However, there is much local and caste variation in precisely who inherits. In some groups, the oldest son inherits everything and then makes an accommodation for his younger brother and provides his sisters dowries. In other groups, the brothers may inherit equal shares, except that the youngest brother inherits the house. Other patterns occur, but in general, although modern law states that daughters should inherit equally with their brothers, this almost never happens except in Islamic families. Kin Groups. The largest kin-based group is the caste, of which there are several thousand. A caste is an endogamous unit with its own traditional occupation and rank. It is made up of a number of clans, which are also kin-based but are exogamous and often intermarrying units. The clan in turn is made up of smaller and more localized groups called lineages, which are also exogamous. A caste may include hundreds of lineages of varying size and status, depending on how many generations of depth they claim. Major lineages commonly are composed of minor lineages, but the smallest are so localized that they are made up of a number of neighboring and closely related extended or nuclear families. Thus, a caste is endogamous, but all the kin-based units below it are exogamous and follow rigid rules about which clans or lineages are allowed to inter-marry. Socialization Infant Care. Infant care is almost completely the responsibility of mothers, older siblings, and grandmothers. When the mother works in the fields or a factory, a grandmother commonly is the chief provider of daytime care for an infant. After about the age of two, older sisters spend much of their time in this activity. Child Rearing and Education. In 1995, the government spent over 2 percent of its resources on education. Although the governments goal of eradicating illiteracy among people age fifteen to thirty five by the year 2000 has not been achieved, there has been a steady decrease in illiterary since the late nineteenth century. Among people above age six in 1991, 52 percent were literate, a 9 percent increase from 1981. Kerala state has the highest rates of literacy. However, nationally there remains a great sexual disparity: While 64 percent of men were literate in 1991, only 39 percent of women were. The central government is more interested in military power than in literacy, and millions of rural parents, especially Muslims, feel that the schooling of girls is a waste of time and money. Only the establishment of sixteen as the minimum legal age for marriage has made it possible for many girls to get their parents reluctant permission to attend school. While in earlier times missionary-run schools were important, especially in rural areas, in the last century local and state schools have educated the vast majority of students. Over the last half century universal school attendance for eight years, equal opportunities for female students, relevant vocational training, and improvement in the quality of classes and textbooks have been national goals, with an emphasis on free and compulsory education for everybody from ages six to fourteen. However, there has been a recent growth of privately run schools, many associated with religious organizations, which tend to do a better job but commonly charge fees. Higher Education. There were 166 universities in 1996, including thirteen central universities which are the oldest, best known, and best funded. The rest are run by state governments or religious foundations. Funding, hiring professors, and setting educational standards in all universities are centralized through the University Grants Commission, which was established in 1956. About a hundred colleges throughout the country have an autonomous status, but others are branches of major universities within their states. In 1996 there were 6.4 million university students enrolled throughout the country, of whom 5.7 million were undergraduates and 2.2 million were women. There are 418 institutions that grant degrees in engineering and technology and 1,029 that award diplomas. Adult education programs combat illiteracy, lack of knowledge about family planning, and inadequate understanding of new farming techniques. Such programs tend to be more accessible in urban areas. A major hurdle has been the language of university instruction. The central universities generally teach in English and produce graduates with internationally acceptable credentials, but most of the smaller universities teach in the local (state) language so that their students skills are not easily transferable even to other parts of the country. The opportunities for graduate study overseas are much reduced for this category of students, and even the acquisition of up-to-date textbooks can be a problem. Indians are usually very hospitable even when poor and go to considerable lengths to make a visitor feel comfortable. Women normally adopt a deferential attitude toward men, especially to their husbands and fathers-in-law. All the people tend to show deference to religious figures and government officials. A woman decorates the streets with vibrantly colored rice powder paintings during a festival in Madurai, India. Religious Beliefs. In the 1991 census, 82 percent of the population was enumerated as Hindu. However, 12 percent of Indians are Muslim, a fact that makes this one of the largest Islamic nations in the world. The next largest religious category is Christians, who make up only over 2 percent of the population and are closely followed in number by Sikhs. The only other groups of numerical significance are the Buddhists (less than 1 percent) and the Jains (less than half a percent). Rituals and Holy Places. The thousands of rituals and millions of shrines, temples, and other holy places of many faiths defy categorization here. For Hindus, large pilgrimage temples are the holiest centers, whereas for Muslims the tombs of saints ( pir ) are the most important. For Buddhists, many of them overseas visitors, the sites associated with the Buddha are crucial. Death and the Afterlife. While Muslims, Jews, and Christians pray that their individual souls will go to a paradise after death, Hindu ideas about the afterlife are very different. Muslims, Jews, and Christians bury their dead in cemeteries, as do most Zoroastrians today. However, Zoroastrians are Women walk on a trail through drying chilies in the Bundi District of Rajasthan. noted for their Towers of Silence in Bombay and a few other cities: stone structures where corpses are exposed to the air and particularly to the vultures that congregate there. Most Hindu communities have a fundamental belief in reincarnation. The basic idea is that ones soul can be reincarnated for an unknown number of rebirths and that what the soul is to be reincarnated into depends on the balance of ones sins and good deeds in past lives. This belief provides the justification for the inequities of the caste system: One is born into a particular caste, whether high or low, as a result of the accumulated virtues or sins of ones soul in a previous life. One can never hope to move out of ones caste in this life but may do so in the next reincarnation. Particularly evil individuals may be reincarnated as animals. Hindus normally cremate the dead on a pile of logs, but the very poor may resort to burial. Extremely saintly figures may be buried in a sitting position, as are members of the Lingayat sect. Medicine and Health Care India has a tradition of medical healing, teaching, and research that goes back more than two thousand years to the two basic medical treatises written by Charaka and Sushruta. Today the country has four major medical systems as well as dozens of localized and tribal ones that depend on herbal treatments. The oldest of the four systems is still widely followed under the name of Ayurveda . meaning science of long life. It is highly developed, with its own hospitals, clinics, pharmaceutical factories, and medical textbooks. It depends primarily on non invasive herbal treatments. The diagnosis and treatment emphasize a holistic approach. Sidda is a distinct tradition that developed in south India and follows principles of physiology close to those of Ayurveda. Diagnosis depends on a careful reading of the pulse. Treatment is mostly herbal and psychological. A third medical tradition is called Unani. This system came to India with Muslim travelers and was developed under the patronage of the Mughals. It emphasizes holistic diagnosis and treatment, but the theory of human physiology is distinct. All three of these systems attribute disease to an imbalance between underlying constituents. The fourth and most widely favored system is biomedicine, or scientific medicine. It has been used in the cities for three centuries and is practiced in the best hospitals and training colleges. India has about 140 medical colleges. Public health is a major concern of every state government because of the continuing incidence of epidemic diseases, high rates of infant mortality, and the need for family planning (usually sterilization) to control the growth of the population. Secular Celebrations Public holidays in most states include 1 January (Gregorian New Year), 26 January (Republic Day, when the constitution was adopted), 1 May (International Labor Day), 30 June, and 15 August (Independence Day), 2 October (Gandhis birthday), 25 December (Christmas), and 31 December (New Years Eve). Parsi New Year and Telugu New Year, both locally celebrated, fall at different times. The Arts and Humanities Support for the Arts. Historically, the arts flourished under the support of two main categories of patron: the larger Hindu temples and the princely rulers of states both small and large. Over the last two centuries, the patronage of British residents and art collectors has become important. In independent India, a national art institute, the Lalit Kala Akademi, promotes the visual arts through lectures, prizes, exhibitions, and publications. The government supports the Sahitya Akademi, which was set up in 1954 to promote excellence in literature the National School of Drama (1959) and the Sangeet Natak Akademi (1953), which promotes dance. Literature. India has some of the earliest literature in the world, beginning with Sanskrit, which may be the oldest literature in any Indo-European language. The Rig Veda is the oldest of the four Vedas . long religious texts composed in an early form of Sanskrit some time late in the second century B. C.E. It was followed by three other Vedas . all liturgical in character, and then by the principal Upanishads during the eighth through fifth centuries B. C.E. The first significant secular document in Sanskrit was a sophisticated grammar that fixed the structure of the language, probably in the fourth century B. C.E. Then, during the reign of Chandragupta Maurya, the text of the great epic Mahabharata . the worlds longest poem, was established around 300 B. C.E. . although it continued to be developed until about 100 C. E. About 200 B. C.E. there emerged the second great Sanskrit epic, the Ramayana . which probably took on its final form four centuries later. Both epics incorporated material from extant folklore. By roughly the third century B. C.E. . the Tripitaka or Three Baskets . the Buddhist canon in the Pali language (closely related to Sanskrit), was fixed. It was soon to become the most influential body of literature in the eastern half of Asia and has remained so to the present day, especially in Chinese and Japanese translations. In that era the image of the social structure of India was codified by two books. During the late fourth century Kautilya, who is said to have been the prime minister Chanakya, wrote the Arthasastra . a Treatise on the Good . which was rediscovered in 1909. Shortly thereafter came the compilation of Manus Laws (Manusmrti). This treatise on religious law and social obligation described in detail a society, possibly a utopian one, in which there were four caste blocks, the varna . each of which had its own occupation, status, and religious duties. This book continued to exercise an immeasurable influence on Indian society for the next two thousand years and the varna model is still a popular image of Hindu caste society. Around 150 C. E. . there began in south India the Tamil Sangam, an academy of poets and philosophers that lasted for decades. While its history is shrouded, it set the stage for an outpouring of medieval poetry in Tamil, a Dravidian language. Some of this work was devotional, but much was secular in its appeal, including the first known work of Indian women writers. The most famous example of this poetry was the Purananuru . an anthology of four hundred poems praising Tamil rulers. Equally important, the Kural was a collection of moral maxims compiled by Tiruvalluvar in perhaps the third and fourth centuries. It has been likened to a Tamil Koran. At about the same time, there was a flowering of Sanskrit drama in the northerly parts of India. In the fourth or fifth century lived the greatest Sanskrit poet, Kalidasa. The best known plays that have survived from this era are Shakuntala and The Little Clay Cart . the former written by Kalidasa and the latter a comedy also perhaps written by him. During the Middle Ages, science and philosophy flourished in Sanskrit texts. Perhaps the best known, if the least scientific, work was the Kama Sutra or a treatise on love by Vatsyayana, who wrote it in a legal style of Sanskrit in about the third century. The Middle Ages witnessed an outpouring of religious and philosophical literature not just in Sanskrit, which was still the prime liturgical and scholarly language, but also in a number of regional languages. Logic, metaphysics, devotional poetry, and commentary developed over the centuries. In the period 8501330 there appeared an important new philosophical literature in Karnataka, beginning with the Kavirajamarga. This was Jain A farmer leans under the burden of a harvest as it is carried to the top of a building in Zanskar Valley, Ladakh. literature written in the medieval Kannada language. At the end of the twelfth century Lilavati was written by Nemichandra, the first novel in that language. It was followed by other allegorical novels, as well as Kesirajas grammar of medieval Kannada. Around 1020, another Dravidian literature, in Telugu, made its debut with the grammarian Nannaya Bhatta and the poet Nannichoda. At about that time the Malayalam language became differentiated from Tamil. A century later the oldest known manuscript was written in Bengali. In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries Mukundaraj became the first man to write poetry in Marathi. Early in the fifteenth century two poets brought Bengali literature into prominence: Chandidas and Vidyapati, with the latter writing in Sanskrit as well as Bengali. Contemporary with them were two Telugu poets, Srinatha and Potana, as well as the best-loved Hindi poet, Kabir (14401518). Kabir wrote in a medieval regional language closely related to Sanskrit. Although Kabir was a low-caste Hindu, he drew inspiration from Sufism and criticized the caste system, ritualism, and idolatry. He was followed in 1540 by the first important Muslim poet of India, Mohamed of Jais who wrote the allegorical poem Padmavat in Hindi. Contemporary with Kabir was one of the greatest of woman poets, the Rajput Mirabai, who wrote in both Hindi and Gujarati. A century before her, Manichand had written an important historical novel in Gujarati. In 1574 the Hindi version of the Ramayana, by Tulsidas, appeared it was to be a forerunner of numerous versions of the Ramayana in regional languages. At that time there was a strong Persian cultural influence in some parts of the country. One ruler of the Muslim province of Golconda (later Hyderabad) was Mohammed Quli Qutub Shah, a poet who wrote in both Persian and Urdu, which was a new form of Hindi containing many Persian words and written in an Arabic script. In 1604, the Adi Granth . the canonical text of the Sikh religion, was established in Punjabi. Thirty years later there appeared, also in northwestern India, a book in Urdu prose, the Sab Ras of Vajhi. In more southern parts of the subcontinent the middle of the seventeenth century also saw the writing of the Kannada poem Rajasekhara . by Sadakshara Deva, the works of the Gujarati storyteller Premanand (16361734), and the influential Marathi poems of Tukaram (16071649). With the arrival of the printing press in south India, Tamil literature underwent a renaissance. Arunachala Kavirayar wrote The Tragedy of Rama in India has the largest film industry in the world. 1728, and the Italian Jesuit Beschi wrote the Tamil poem Tembavani in 1724 under the pen name Viramamunivar (it was not published until 1853). Also of interest was the eighteenth century Indian Pepys Anandaranga Pillai, a Tamil living in the French colony of Pondichery. His lengthy diary has been published in Tamil, French, and English. Another outstanding Tamil poet and bard was Tyagaraja. In the eighteenth century, there was a further flowering of Urdu poetry by Vali, Hatim, Sauda, Incha, and Nazir. By the time of Nazir, the British hegemony in India was well established, and along with it went the spread of regional printing presses, the opening of the first modern universities, and the increasing influence of European literary forms, especially in the English language. This influence is evident even in writers who published in their native languages. Bengal in particular experienced a great literary and intellectual renaissance in both English and Bengali, including the novels of Bankim Chandra Chatterji and Indias first Nobel Prize Winner, the poet and dramatist Rabindranath Tagore. A parallel literary renaissance occurred in Hindi at the beginning of the twentieth century, with the first novels by Premchand. Tamil also began to produce novels with an English influence. The twentieth century saw a continuation of this modernization, fueled by the ease of publication and the increasing size of the reading public. An unexpected development during that century was the emergence of numerous world-class and prizewinning novelists writing in English, and often not residing in India. Pre-eminent today are the London-based Salman Rushdie, from Bombay, and the Delhi-based Arundati Roy, from Kerala. Graphic Arts. India has a multiplicity of visual arts extending back over four thousand years. Early painting has not survived, but urban architecture and some small sculptures have. Most of the thousands of stamp seals that have been found are masterpieces of glyphic art, showing the large animals of northwestern India in miniature relief. The main visual arts arose in the context of religious worship. Sanskrit handbooks still survive stipulating the rules for the production of Hindu religious statues, temples, and paintings. Distinctive regional styles of temple architecture are a feature of the landscape and a clear marker of the presence of Islam, Sikhism, Jainism, Christianity, and Hinduism in each part of the country. Within the Hindu temples there is a great variety of images of the deities, some skilfully carved in stone, some cast in bronze or silver, and some modeled in terra-cotta or wood. Painting was an ancient accomplishment, although the climate has not been conducive to preservation. One can still see second and third-century wall paintings and monumental Buddhist sculptures in caves in Ajanta (Madhya Pradesh). Despite Islamic prohibitions on the representation of the human face, painting and drawing flourished under the Moghul emperors. Realistic portraits, historical scenes, and botanical and zoological subjects were evoked with a sensitive line and a subtle pallet of colors during that period. Painting in oils dates back two centuries, to the time when the first European portrait painters began to work in India. Today there are many professional graphic artists, some inspired by old Indian traditions and some by modern abstract expressionism. Art schools, public exhibitions, and coffee-table books are the means of reaching their public today, while religious patronage has practically evaporated. Performance Arts. India has the largest film industry in the world. In 1996, 683 feature films were certified by the Board of Censors. Although television came to even rural India more than twenty years ago, the cinema remains the major popular visual art form. In 1996, India had 12,623 cinemas, with an attendance of ninety to one hundred million weekly. Radios are widespread, primarily as a source of light music, but not as a major source of information. The State of the Physical and Social Sciences India has long had government-sponsored national research organizations for the sciences, including the Archaeological Survey of India (1861), the Botanical Survey of India (1890), the Census of India (1867), the Ethnological Survey of India (1901, later the Anthropological Survey of India, 1946), the Geological Survey of India (1851), the Indian Forestry Service (1865), the Indian Medical Service (1786), the Indian Council of Medical Research (1912), the Indian Meteorological Department (1875), the Linguistic Survey of India, and the Zoological Survey of India. The antecedent of all these institutions was the Survey of India (1832), which did the first scientific mapmaking of the subcontinent. There has been an annual Indian Science Congress, a national conference, which began as the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science in 1876. With independence, an overarching bureaucratic organization came into being, the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, as well as an Atomic Energy Commission and the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. To avoid centralization of these organizations in and around Delhi and Bombay, regional institutes of technology were set up in a number of large cities. The government also supports four national academies: the Indian National Science Academy in New Delhi, the Indian Academy of Sciences in Bangalore, the National Academy of Science in Allahabad, and the Indian Science Congress Association in Calcutta. Other centrally supported research councils include the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, the Indian Council of Historical Research, the Indian Council of Philosophical Research, the Indian Council of Social Sciences Research, and the National Council of Educational Research and Training. Bibliography Achaya, K. T. Indian Food: A Historical Companion . 1994. Basham, A. L. The Wonder That Was India. Rev. ed. 1963. . Cultural History of India . 1975. Berreman, Gerald D. Caste and Other Inequities: Essays on Inequality . 1979. Bishop, Donald H. ed. Indian Thought: An Introduction . 1975. Bonnefoy, Yves, and Wendy Doniger, eds. Mythologies . 1991. Bose, Sugata, and Ayesha Jalal. Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy . 1998. Burrow, Thomas, and Murray B. Emeneau. A Dravidian Etymological Dictionary . 2nd ed. 1984. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. The Wealth of India: A Dictionary of Indian Raw Materials and Industrial Products . 19481990. Dumont, Louis. Homo Hierarchicus: An Essay on the Caste System . 1970. Embree, Ainslie T. and Stephen Hay, eds. Sources of Indian Tradition. 2nd ed. 1970. Farmer, B. H. An Introduction to South Asia, 2nd ed. . 1993. Garrett, John. A Classical Dictionary of India Illustrative of the Mythology, Philosophy, Literature, Antiquities, Arts, Manners, Customs, etc. of the Hindus . 1973. Gole, Susan. Indian Maps and Plans from Earliest Times to the Advent of European Surveys . 1989. Government of India. India 2000: A Reference Annual . 2000. Hawkins, R. E. Encyclopedia of Indian Natural History . 1986. Hockings, Paul ed. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Vol. 3: South Asia . 1992. Hutton, John H. Caste in India: Its Nature, Function, and Origins . 1963. Johnson, Gordon, et al. eds. The New Cambridge History of India . 1987. Keay, John. India Discovered: The Achievement of the British Raj . 1981. Kramrisch, Stella. The Hindu Temple . 1980. Kulke, Hermann, and Dietmar Rothermund. A History of India . 1986. Kumar, Dharma, Tapan Raychaudhuri, et al. eds. The Cambridge Economic History of India . 1982. Majumdar, R. C. H. C. Raychaudhuri, and Kalikinkar Datta. An Advanced History of India . 1961. et al. eds. The History and Culture of the Indian People, 2nd ed. 19701988. Maloney, Clarence. Peoples of South Asia . 1980. Mandelbaum, David G. Society in India . 1970. Masica, Colin P. Defining a Linguistic Area: South Asia . 1976. Mehra, Parshotam. A Dictionary of Modern Indian History 17071947 . 1987. Mitchell, George, and Philip Davies. The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India . 1989. Mode, Heinz, and Subodh Chandra. Indian Folk Art . 1985. Muthiah, S. ed. A Social and Economic Atlas of India . 1986. Queneau, Raymond, ed. Histoire des Littratures: I. Littratures Anciennes, Orientales et Orales . 1956. Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli, and Charles A. Moore, eds. A Source Book in Indian Philosophy . 1957. Rapson, E. J. et al. eds. The Cambridge History of India . 19221947. Robinson, Francis, ed. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and the Maldives . 1989. Rowland, Benjamin. The Art and Architecture of India, Buddhist Hindu Jain . 3rd ed. 1967. Schwartzberg, Joseph E. ed. A Historical Atlas of South Asia . 1969. Sebeok, Thomas A. et al. eds. Current Trends in Linguistics: Vol. 5. Linguistics in South Asia . 1969. Shapiro, Michael C. and Harold F. Schiffman. Language and Society in South Asia . 1981. Sindh, R. D. India: A Regional Geography . 1971. Sivaramamurti, Calambur. The Art of India . 1977. Smith, Vincent A. The Oxford History of India . 1958. Srinivas, M. N. M. S. A. Rao, and A. M. Shah, eds. A Survey of Research in Sociology and Social Anthropology . 19721974. Stutley, Margaret, and James Stutley. Harpers Dictionary of Hinduism: Its Mythology, Folklore, Philosophy, Literature, and History . 1977. Thapar, Romila, and Percival Spear. A History of India . 19651966. Turner, Jane, ed. Indian Subcontinent. In Jane Turner, ed. The Dictionary of Art . 1996. Tyler, Stephen A. India: An Anthropological Perspective . 1973. Watt, George. The Commercial Products of India, Being an Abridgement of The Dictionary of the Economic Products of India, 1966. Williams, L. F. Rushbrook, ed. A Handbook for Travellers in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh amp Sri Lanka (Ceylon), 22nd ed. . 1975. Yule, Henry, and A. C. Burnell. Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms, Etymological, Historical, Geographical, and Discursive . rev. ed. 1968. Oct 12, 2009 4:16 pm Hello First of all i really appreciate your work but in literature there was a mistake ramayana predates mahabharata by many years but here it is written the other way i. e., According to literary scholarship, the main body of the Ramayana first appeared as an oral composition somewhere between 750 and 500 BCE. Cultural evidence (the presence of sati in the Mahabharata but not in the main body of the Ramayana) suggests that the Ramayana predates the Mahabharata Traditionally the epic belongs to the Treta Yuga, one of the four eons (yuga) of Hindu chronology, and is dated as far back as 880,000 years in the past. thankyou Jan 15, 2010 8:08 am i was wondering if anyone could send me some info on any medical conditions that people from inda are predisposed to i am working on a project for a nursing course and it would be greatly appreciated if anyone thought to send me some. Feb 3, 2010 10:22 pm You did a great job here however, I dont see any description of the dances and music of India. Please add this to your article as it is a very rich part of our culture. I also dont see anything about Indian cuisine. Other than that, its good. Apr 11, 2011 1:01 am I like your article very much. I have some question in my mind, but first of all i would like to share few information. The establishment of Indian culture dates back roughly to 5000 years. It is a varied culture and has rich heritage. The western culture is somewhat newer. I think there is nothing wrong with adopting good things about a culture but a person must also not forget where he has come from and where does heshe belong. One must always remain rooted. Hindu culture is such a rich, vast and very old culture that some sporadic intrusion cannot make any difference. My point is, if Existence of western culture has given milestone to compare Hindu culture, they should blame no one for that, its only the Indians who are responsible for it. Now i would like to ask the question. Do you think the present imitation of the western culture is good for INDIAN tradition Do the arts like painting, sculpture amp music relate the culture of the country Do you think that foreign culture effect Indian culture Does culture has anything to do with self development May 2, 2011 8:08 am very informational thank you very much the culture is for my research project it is very interesting and india is my favorite country in the world any way so like i said, thank you very much for helping me May 7, 2011 5:17 pm i needed the beliefs and traditions for a project but most of this info will be helpful. its a good website to use but it might not have exactly what you are looking for. thanks a lot :) HEAR ME ROAR - rawr :p. ) lolz Jan 19, 2012 1:13 pm how interesting, i felt as if every part of the world was the same but now i see there is amazing wonders worths living for the world is truely an amazing place indeed i will go there (to india) when i get older wow and to think of how the outher countries could be i find it great that we all are mostly a different race, beacause we have so many ideas india is truley a maybe poor in some places but the sight in all places to the eye is rich as gold. thanks for the info i will share this website with some of my friends so they can learn about there countries india is i want to go to india so bad ( bombay is a must ) i never knew india had this much to learn about it would be great if the pics where in color i wish i could do ALL the countried for my project tty from u. s.a lol ) HEAR ME ROAR - rawr :p. ) lolz Jan 19, 2012 1:13 pm how interesting, i felt as if every part of the world was the same but now i see there is amazing wonders worths living for the world is truely an amazing place indeed i will go there (to india) when i get older wow and to think of how the outher countries could be i find it great that we all are mostly a different race, beacause we have so many ideas india is maybe poor in some places but the sight in all places to the eye is rich as gold. thanks for the info i will share this website with some of my friends so they can learn about there countries india is i want to go to india so bad ( bombay is a must ) i never knew india had this much to learn about it would be great if the pics where in color i wish i could do ALL the countries for my project tty from u. s.a lol ) (sorry i reposted i was correcting errors :p LOL)